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a contrivance of horror

“life is hell, and the sweet still night of absolute death is the annihilation of hell.”

"look at your body—
a painted puppet, a poor toy
of jointed parts ready to collapse,
a diseased and suffering thing
with a head full of false imaginings."
—the dhammapada

as effigies of ourselves, puppets are not equal partners with us in the world. they are actors in a world of their own, one that exists inside of ours and reflects back upon it. what do we see in that reflection? only what we want to see, what we can stand to see. through the act of self-deception, we keep hidden what we do not want to let into our heads, as if we will betray to ourselves a secret too terrible to know. our lives abound with baffling questions that some attempt to answer and the rest of us let pass.

naked apes or incarnate angels we may believe ourselves to be, but not human puppets. of a higher station than these impersonators of our species, we move freely about and can speak any time we like. we believe we are making a go of it on our own, and anyone who contradicts this belief will be taken for a madman or someone who is attempting to immerse others in a contrivance of horror. how to take seriously a puppet master who has gone over to the other side?

coming at last to the pith of zapffe’s thought as it is contained in “the last messiah,” what the norwegian philosopher saw as the tragedy of human existence had its beginnings when at some stage in our evolution we acquired “a damning surplus of consciousness.”

naturally, it must be owned that there are quarrels among cognitive psychologists, philosophers of mind, and neuroscientists about what consciousness is.

for zapffe, the effect was:

"a breach in the very unity of life, a biological paradox, an abomination, an absurdity, an exaggeration of disastrous nature. life had overshot its target, blowing itself apart. a species had been armed too heavily—by spirit made almighty without, but equally a menace to its own well-being. its weapon was like a sword without hilt or plate, a two-edged blade cleaving everything; but she who is to wield it must grasp the blade and turn one edge toward himself."

"consciousness—phenomenal experience—seems in many ways too good to be true. the way we experience the world seems unnecessarily beautiful, unnecessarily rich and strange. . . ."

could there be anything to this optimistic verbiage in which consciousness is not a “breach in the very unity of life, a biological paradox, an abomination, an absurdity, an exaggeration of disastrous nature” but something that is “unnecessarily beautiful, unnecessarily rich and strange” and “a wonderfully good thing in its own right,” something that makes human existence an unbelievably desirable adventure?

“why,” zapffe asked, “has mankind not long ago gone extinct during great epidemics of madness? why do only a fairly minor number of individuals perish because they fail to endure the strain of living—because cognition gives them more than they can carry?” zapffe’s answer: “most people learn to save themselves by artificially limiting the content of consciousness.”

from an evolutionary viewpoint, in zapffe’s observation, consciousness was a blunder that required corrections for its effects. it was an adventitious outgrowth that made us into a race of contradictory beings—uncanny things that have nothing to do with the rest of creation. because of consciousness, parent of all horrors, we became susceptible to thoughts that were startling and dreadful to us, thoughts that have never been equitably balanced by those that are collected and reassuring.

our minds now began dredging up horrors, flagrantly joyless possibilities, enough of them to make us drop to the ground in paroxysms of self-soiling consternation should they go untrammeled. this potentiality necessitated that certain defense mechanisms be put to use to keep us balanced on the knife-edge of vitality as a species.

as zapffe concluded, we need to hamper our consciousness for all we are worth, or it will impose upon us a too clear vision of what we do not want to see, which, as the norwegian philosopher saw it, along with every other pessimist, is “the brotherhood of suffering between everything alive.”

we know there is suffering, and we do take action against it, which includes downplaying it by “artificially limiting the content of consciousness.” between taking action against and downplaying suffering, mainly the latter, most of us do not worry that it has overly sullied our existence.

this is the tragedy: consciousness has forced us into the paradoxical position of striving to be unself-conscious of what we are—hunks of spoiling flesh on disintegrating bones.

nonhuman occupants of this planet are unaware of death. but we are susceptible to startling and dreadful thoughts, and we need some fabulous illusions to take our minds off them. for us, then, life is a confidence trick we must run on ourselves, hoping we do not catch on to any monkey business that would leave us stripped of our defense mechanisms and standing stark naked before the silent, staring void.

to end this self-deception, to free our species of the paradoxical imperative to be and not to be conscious, our backs breaking by degrees upon a wheel of lies, we must cease reproducing.

best to immunize your consciousness from any thoughts that are startling and dreadful so that we can all go on conspiring to survive and reproduce as paradoxical beings—puppets that can walk and talk all by themselves. at worst keep your startling and dreadful thoughts to yourself. hearken well: “none of us wants to hear spoken the exact anxieties we keep locked up inside ourselves. smother that urge to go spreading news of your pain and nightmares around town. bury your dead but don’t leave a trace. and be sure to get on with things or we will get on without you.”
zapffe chose to home in on four principal strategies regarding humanity’s “biological predicament.”:

(1) isolation. so that we may live without going into a free-fall of trepidation, we isolate the dire facts of being alive by relegating them to a remote compartment of our minds. they are the lunatic family members in the attic whose existence we deny in a conspiracy of silence.
(2) anchoring. to stabilize our lives in the tempestuous waters of chaos, we conspire to anchor them in metaphysical and institutional “verities”—god, morality, natural law, country, family—that inebriate us with a sense of being official, authentic, and safe in our beds.
(3) distraction. to keep our minds unreflective of a world of horrors, we distract them with a world of trifling or momentous trash. the most operant method for furthering the conspiracy, it is in continuous employ and demands only that people keep their eyes on the ball—or their television sets, their government’s foreign policy, their science projects, their careers, their place in society or the universe, etc.
(4) sublimation. that we might annul a paralyzing stage fright at what may happen to even the soundest bodies and minds, we sublimate our fears by making an open display of them. in the zapffean sense, sublimation is the rarest technique utilized for conspiring against the human race. putting into play both deviousness and skill, this is what thinkers and artistic types do when they recycle the most demoralizing and unnerving aspects of life as works in which the worst fortunes of humanity are presented in a stylized and removed manner as entertainment.

“the knowledge that life is worthless is the flower of all human wisdom.”

by suppressing thoughts of suffering and death we give ourselves away as beings of paradox—prevaricators who must hide from the flagrantly joyless possibilities of life if we are to go on living. in persuasion and rhetoric, michelstaedter pinpoints the paradox of our division from ourselves: “man ‘knows,’ which is why he is always two: his life and his knowing.”

michelstaedter could not accept a stellar fact of human life: that none of us has control over what we are—a truth that extirpates all hope if what you want to be is invulnerably self-possessed (“persuaded”) and without subjection to a life that would fit you within the limits of its unrealities (“rhetoric,” a word oddly used by michelstaedter). we are defined by our limitations; without them, we cannot suffice as functionaries in the big show of conscious existence. the farther you progress toward a vision of our species without limiting conditions on your consciousness, the farther you drift away from what makes you a person among persons in the human community.

as one who had a special plan for the human race, mainländer was not a modest thinker. “we are not everyday people,” he once wrote in the royal third-person, “and must pay dearly for dining at the table of the gods.” to top it off, suicide ran in his family. on the day his philosophy of redemption was published, mainländer killed himself, possibly in a fit of megalomania but just as possibly in surrender to the extinction that for him was so attractive and that he avouched for a most esoteric reason—deicide.
mainländer was confident that the will-to-die he believed would well up in humanity had been spiritually grafted into us by a god who, in the beginning, masterminded his own quietus. it seems that existence was a horror to god. unfortunately, god was impervious to the depredations of time. this being so, her only means to get free of herself was by a divine form of suicide.

god’s plan to suicide herself could not work, though, as long as she existed as a unified entity outside of space-time and matter. seeking to nullify her oneness so that she could be delivered into nothingness, she shattered herself—big-bang-like—into the time-bound fragments of the universe, that is, all those objects and organisms that have been accumulating here and there for billions of years.

human progress is shown to be an ironic symptom that our downfall into extinction has been progressing nicely, because the more things change for the better, the more they progress toward a reliable end. and those who committed suicide, as did mainländer, would only be forwarding god’s blueprint for bringing an end to her creation. naturally, those who replaced themselves by procreation were of no help: “death is succeeded by the absolute nothing; it is the perfect annihilation of each individual in appearance and being, supposing that by him no child has been begotten or born; for otherwise the individual would live on in that.”
among the unpleasantries of human existence is the abashment we suffer when we feel our lives to be destitute of meaning with respect to who we are, what we do, and the general way we believe things to be in the universe. if one doubts that felt meanings are imperative to our developing or maintaining a state of good feeling, just lay your eyes on the staggering number of books and therapies for a market of individuals who suffer from a deficiency of meaning, either in a limited and localized variant (“i am satisfied that my life has meaning because i received an ‘a’ on my calculus exam”) or one that is macrocosmic in scope (“i am satisfied that my life has meaning because god loves me”). few are the readers of norman vincent peale’s the power of positive thinking (1952) who do not feel dissatisfied with who they are, what they do, and the general way they believe things to be in the universe.

as conscious beings, we must hold back that divulgement lest it break us with a sense of being things without significance or foundation, anatomies shackled to a landscape of unintelligible horrors.

without this cognitive double-dealing, we would be exposed for what we are. it would be like looking into a mirror and for a moment seeing the skull inside our skin looking back at us with its sardonic smile. and beneath the skull—only blackness, nothing. someone is there, so we feel, and yet no one is there—the uncanny paradox, all the horror in a glimpse. a little piece of our world has been peeled back, and underneath is creaking desolation—a carnival where all the rides are moving but no patrons occupy the seats. we are missing from the world we have made for ourselves. maybe if we could resolutely gaze wide-eyed at our lives we would come to know what we really are. but that would stop the showy attraction we are inclined to think will run forever.
life presents itself by no means as a gift for enjoyment, but as a task, a drudgery to be performed; and in accordance with this we see, in great and small, universal need, ceaseless cares, constant pressure, endless strife, compulsory activity, with extreme exertion of all the powers of body and mind.

for human beings, existence is a state of demonic mania, with the will-to-live as the possessing spirit of “ephemeral and tormented individuals.” consciousness as “an accident of life.” a blunder. a mistake. is there really anything behind our smiles and tears but an evolutionary slip-up?

the french scientist and christian philosopher blaise pascal wrote of his sense of being “engulfed in the infinite immensity of spaces whereof i know nothing, and which know nothing of me; i am terrified. the eternal silence of these infinite spaces fills me with dread” (pensées, 1670). pascal’s is not an unnatural reaction for those phobic to infinite spaces that know nothing of them. “kenophobia” is the fear of such vast spaces and voids. perhaps kenophilia should be coined to describe the “ontological wonder” and “cosmic emotion” lovecraft felt when he contemplated the outer rim of the unknown.

when people are asked to respond to the statement “i am happy—true or false,” the word “true” is spoken more often than “false,” overwhelmingly so. if there is some loss of face in confessing that one is not happy, this does not mean that those who profess happiness as their dominant humor are lying through their teeth. people want to be happy. they believe they should be happy. and if some philosopher says they can never be happy because their consciousness has ensured their unhappiness, that philosopher will not be part of the dialogue, especially if he blathers about discontinuing our species by ceasing to bear children who can also never be happy even though.
optimism has always been an undeclared policy of human culture—one that grew out of our animal instincts to survive and reproduce—rather than an articulated body of thought. it is the default condition of our blood and cannot be effectively questioned by our minds or put in grave doubt by our pains. this would explain why at any given time there are more cannibals than philosophical pessimists.
in plain language, we cannot live except as self-deceivers who must lie to ourselves about ourselves, as well as about our unwinnable situation in this world. .

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